# Electrical Service Types and Voltages

This page describes various types of utility electrical services and supply voltages. The nominal system supply voltages listed below can vary by ±10% or more. WattNode® meter models are available in seven different versions that cover the full range of electrical services types and voltages. Meters and current transformers are designed for use on either 50 or 60 Hz systems.

## Classification of Electrical Services

Alternating current electric power distribution systems can be classified by the following properties:

• Frequency: 50 Hz or 60 Hz
• Number of phases: single or three phase
• Number of wires: 2, 3, or 4 (not counting the safety ground)
• Neutral present:
• Wye connected systems have a neutral
• Delta connected systems typically do not have a neutral
• Voltage levels:
• Low Voltage: 600 volts or less
• Medium Voltage: 601 volts to about 34,500 volts
• High Voltage: 46,000 volts and up
Wye Line-to-Neutral
Voltage
Wye or Delta Line-to-Line
Voltage
120 208
120 240
230 400
240 415
277 480
347 600
• Line-to-line voltages are typically 1.732 times the phase-to-neutral voltages: $\sqrt{3}=1.732$
• In symmetrical three-phase electrical system, the phase-to-neutral voltages should be equal if the load is balanced.

## Common Electrical Services & Loads

• In the following drawings, the coil symbols represent the secondary winding of a utility service transformer or other step down transformer. Electrical code regulations in most jurisdictions require that the neutral conductor be bonded (connected) to the earth safety ground at the electrical service entrance.

### Single Phase Three Wire

Also known as an Edison system, split-phase or center-tapped neutral. This is the most common residential service in North America. Line 1 to neutral and Line 2 to neutral are used to power 120 volt lighting and plug loads. Line 1 to Line 2 is used to power 240 volt single phase loads such as a water heater, electric range, or air conditioner.

### Three Phase Four Wire Wye

The most common commercial building electric service in North America is 120/208 volt wye, which is used to power 120 volt plug loads, lighting, and smaller HVAC systems. In larger facilities the voltage is 277/480 volt and used to power single phase 277 volt lighting and larger HVAC loads. In western Canada 347/600V is common.

### Three Phase Three Wire Delta

Used primarily in industrial facilities to provide power for three-phase motor loads, and in utility power distribution applications. Nominal service voltages of 240, 400, 480, 600, and higher are typical.

## Uncommon Electrical Services

### Three Phase Four Wire Delta

Also known as a high-leg or wild-leg delta system. Used in older manufacturing facilities with mostly three-phase motor loads and some 120 volt single-phase lighting and plug loads. Similar to the Three Phase Three Wire Delta discussed above but with a center-tap on one of the transformer winding to create neutral for 120 volt single-phase loads. Motors are connected to phase A, B, and C, while single-phase loads are connected to either phase A or C and to neutral. Phase B, the high or wild leg, is not used as the voltage to neutral is 208 volt.

### Three Phase Two Wire Corner-Grounded Delta

Used to reduce wiring costs by using a service cable with only two insulated conductors rather then the three insulated conductors used in a convention three phase service entrance.

## International Electrical Distribution Systems

Description L–N
Vac
L–L
Vac
Countries WattNode Models
(Wye or Delta–Voltage)
1-Phase, 2-Wire 120 V with neutral 120 - US 3Y-208
1-Phase, 2-Wire 230 V with neutral 230 - EU, Others 3Y-400
1-Phase, 2-Wire 208 V (No neutral) - 208 US 3D-240
1-Phase, 2-Wire 240 V (No neutral) - 240 US 3D-240
1-Phase, 3-Wire 120/240 V 120 240 US 3Y-208
3-Phase, 3-Wire 208 V Delta (No neutral) - 208 US 3D-240
3-Phase, 3-Wire 230 V Delta (No neutral) - 230 Norway 3D-240
3-Phase, 3-Wire 400 V Delta (No neutral) - 400 EU, Others 3D-400
3-Phase, 3-Wire 480 V Delta (No neutral) - 480 US 3D-480
3-Phase, 3-Wire 600 V Delta (No neutral) - 600 US, Canada none1
3-Phase, 4-Wire 208Y/120 V 120 208 US 3Y-208, 3D-240
3-Phase, 4-Wire 400Y/230 V 230 400 EU, Others 3Y-400, 3D-400
3-Phase, 4-Wire 415Y/240 V 230 415 Australia 3Y-400, 3D-400
3-Phase, 4-Wire 480Y/277 V 277 480 US 3Y-480, 3D-480
3-Phase, 4-Wire 600Y/347 V 347 600 US, Canada 3Y-600
3-Phase 4-Wire Delta 120/208/240
Wild Phase
120,
208
240 US 3D-240
3-Phase 4-Wire Delta 240/415/480
Wild Phase
240,
415
480 US 3D-480
• 1By using potential transformers (PTs), WattNode meters can measure 600 volt delta services as well as medium and high voltage services.

## Questions

• Do 3Y-600 and 3D-600 appear in the US or only in Canada?
• Yes, wye and delta 600 volt services are used in both countries but in the US they are less common.
• What services are used in Canada?
• Mostly 208Y/120 volt and 600Y/347 volt wye services and occasionally 600 volt delta too.